Author Biography: Balls & Combes |
| Last Updated: December 6, 2007 |
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Michael Balls read Zoology at Oxford University, and, after post-graduate studies in Switzerland and post-doctoral research in the USA, returned to Britain in 1966, to become a lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia. In 1975, he moved to the University of Nottingham Medical School, as a senior lecturer in the Department of Human Morphology. He became Reader in Medical Cell Biology in 1985, and was promoted to Professor of Medical Cell Biology in 1990. In 1995, he was made an Emeritus Professor of the University.
Professor Balls became a Trustee of FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments) in 1979, and has been Chairman of the Trustees since 1981. He has been Editor of ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) since 1983.
In 1993, Professor Balls became the first Head of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), which is now part of the Institute for Health & Consumer Protection of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, located at Ispra, Italy. ECVAM is responsible for leading and coordinating efforts at the European Union level, which are aimed at reducing, refining and replacing the use of laboratory animal procedures in research, education and testing, through the development and validation of advanced testing methods. He retired from ECVAM in 2002.
Michael Balls, CBE, MA, DPhil, FIBiol
FRAME
Russell & Burch House
96–98 North Sherwood Street
Nottingham NG1 4EE
UK
E-mail: michael.balls@btopenworld.com
Robert Combes gained his first degree and a PhD in Genetics at Queen Mary College, University of London, then spent nearly 20 years as a teacher in the School of Biological Sciences of what is now the University of Portsmouth. He was Head of Mutagenicity and Cellular Toxicology at Inveresk International, Tranent, Scotland, from 1988 to 1992, when he became Head of Biological Sciences at the La Sainte Union College of Higher Education in the University of Southampton. In 1994, he moved to the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), Nottingham, as Scientific Director, becoming Director in 1994. He serves on many committees, working parties, task forces and editorial boards, and is the author or co-author of about 300 scientific research articles and reports. Professor Combes is an Honorary Professor in the University of Nottingham, has served as the President of the European Society for Toxicology in Vitro, and is a member of the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee, a Director of LHASA (UK) Ltd, and Associate Editor of ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals).
Robert D. Combes, BSc, PhD, FIBiol
FRAME
Russell & Burch House
96–98 North Sherwood Street
Nottingham NG1 4EE
UK
E-mail: bob@frame.org.uk
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